Monkeys

The expectation of the behaviourists is that the monkeys would go to the "mother" when presented with food. This is because, "good" outcomes result in a higher likelihood that the action will be repeated compared to "bad" outcomes (punishments) resulting in that action being less likely to be repeated. In actuality, the baby monkeys went to the "cloth" mother because they found that the baby monkeys found more safety and security through the softness of the cloth. This is contradictory to the expectation of the behaviourists because there was no "good" outcomes (ex: the food), it only had to do with the attachment that resulted from the soft cloth.