Post by tanya on Oct 6, 2017 19:21:08 GMT
John Dollard and his associates created the frustration-aggression hypothesis which put forward the idea of aggression being the the inevitable outcome of an individual's frustration. In this case put forward, a hydraulic model can be used to explain Dollard and his associates' view of the cause of aggression by frustration: water is being produced by the motor while the dam blocks the water from flowing further, which can be compared to how frustration arises, as how the pressure of the water builds up, frustration also arises. The main idea of the frustration- aggression hypothesis is that aggression will always rear its head following frustration in some form or another. For example, an individual may become frustrated after their phone is stolen. According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, aggression will be certain to happen after this experience; that is, through whatever form, such as responding rudely to friends and family in conversations, or throwing a tantrum, or perhaps even smashing an object in rage, aggression is bound to occur.
Moghaddam refers to the research of Leonard Berkowitz and others regarding the degrees of freedom, the sequential order of frustrating events, and the idea of indirect displaced aggression as evidence against the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
Berkowitz believed the frustration-aggressive hypothesis did not consider the many degrees of freedom in which someone may act as a result of their frustration. While frustration can increase the potential for anger and aggression in some situations, it does not mean a person frustrated by another's person's actions will definitely act out a form of aggression, and may repress their hostility and anger towards a person who made them frustrated instead. The sequential order of frustrating events depicts how one frustrating event after another frustrating event may lead to aggression, and this transference that causes the rise of anger is more complex than Dollard seems to have described it.
To whom the aggression is directed is also significant , as it is usually assumed to be a soft third-party target rather than an authority figure in the traditional view of displaced aggression, but this aggression can actually be directed at authority figures in indirect forms. For example, after a stressful day at work a person might become angry with their child at home, but he or she may also call in sick for work the next day or speak negatively about the boss with co-workers as an indirect form of aggression to the boss for assigning them extra work the previous day and making them feel stressed. Degrees of freedom, transference of frustrating events, and indirect forms of displaced aggression are all ideas Moghaddam presents as considerate of the complexity regarding frustration and aggression, unlike the frustration-aggression hypothesis.